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B250 exercises · 5 sections

Nominal Style — Stile Nominale

The Lesson

What Is Nominal Style?

Nominal style (stile nominale) is a register of Italian in which nouns and noun phrases replace verbs and subordinate clauses wherever possible. Instead of saying 'il governo ha deciso di approvare la legge' (the government decided to approve the law), formal Italian prefers 'la decisione del governo di procedere all'approvazione della legge' — a chain of nouns linked by prepositions. This style is the default register of Italian academic writing, legal documents, bureaucratic correspondence, official reports, and quality journalism. Mastering it is essential for reading and writing in these domains — and for understanding why formal Italian sounds so different from the spoken language.

Why Does Italian Use Nominal Style?

Nominal style serves several functions: 1. Precision: nouns are more exact than verbs, which carry tense and mood that may not be relevant. 2. Economy: a noun phrase like 'in seguito all'approvazione del contratto' replaces the clause 'dopo che il contratto fu approvato'. 3. Register: nominal style signals expertise, seriousness, and institutional authority. 4. Objectivity: impersonal nominal constructions avoid naming agents ('si è proceduto all'analisi' vs 'abbiamo analizzato'), which is valued in official and academic writing. The contrast with spoken Italian is striking. Where conversation uses verbs and subordinate clauses ('siccome non c'erano soldi, hanno fermato i lavori'), formal writing compresses this into 'a causa dell'insufficienza delle risorse finanziarie, si è proceduto alla sospensione dei lavori'.

Nominalisation Suffixes: Verbs to Nouns

SuffixTypical verb endingExample verbNominalisationMeaning
-zione / -sione-are, -ire, -ereapprovareapprovazioneapproval
-zione / -sione-ereprevedereprevisioneforecast
-mento-are, -iremiglioraremiglioramentoimprovement
-mento-iretrattaretrattamentotreatment/processing
-tura-are, -ireaprireaperturaopening
-tura-arefirmarefirma (irregular)signature
-anza / -enza-are, -eretolleraretolleranzatolerance
-anza / -enza-ereprovenireprovenienzaorigin/provenance
-itàadj. -le, -re(adj.) sostenibilesostenibilitàsustainability
zero (deverbal noun)-are, -ire, -ereriprendereripresarecovery/resumption

Nominalisation Suffixes: Adjectives to Nouns

SuffixExample adjectiveNominalisationMeaning
-itàstabilestabilitàstability
-itàcomplessocomplessitàcomplexity
-ezzapreciso → (irregular)precisioneprecision (note: irregular)
-ezzachiarichiarezzaclarity
-ezzalentolentezzaslowness
-enzaefficienteefficienzaefficiency
-enzatrasparentetrasparenzatransparency
-anzarilevanterilevanzarelevance
-iagelosia → (base adj.)gelosiajealousy (from geloso)
-tudinesolitudine → (base adj.)solitudinesolitude (from solo)

Replacing Subordinate Clauses with Noun Phrases

The most important skill in nominal style is replacing subordinate clauses with prepositional noun phrases. Each type of clause has a corresponding nominal structure: CAUSAL ('perché', 'siccome', 'dato che'): → 'a causa di + noun', 'in ragione di + noun', 'per + noun' Example: 'siccome non c'erano fondi' → 'a causa della mancanza di fondi' TEMPORAL ('quando', 'dopo che', 'mentre'): → 'al momento di + noun', 'a seguito di + noun', 'durante + noun' Example: 'dopo che il contratto fu firmato' → 'a seguito della firma del contratto' FINAL ('affinché', 'per + infinitive'): → 'ai fini di + noun', 'al fine di + noun', 'allo scopo di + noun' Example: 'affinché si raggiunga un accordo' → 'ai fini del raggiungimento di un accordo' CONCESSIVE ('sebbene', 'nonostante che', 'anche se'): → 'nonostante + noun' (without 'che') Example: 'nonostante che i costi fossero aumentati' → 'nonostante l'aumento dei costi' CONDITIONAL ('se'): → 'in caso di + noun' Example: 'se le condizioni vengono rispettate' → 'in caso di rispetto delle condizioni'

Formal Prepositional Phrases in Italian Bureaucratic Style

Italian phraseMeaningTypical context
ai sensi dipursuant to, in accordance with (citing an article)legal/regulatory documents
in ottemperanza ain compliance with (a rule, order)administrative acts
in virtù diby virtue of, on the basis oflegal reasoning
a fronte diagainst/in light of/given (a cost, result, investment)financial reports, official documents
in merito aregarding, with regard toformal correspondence
con riferimento awith reference toformal letters, official responses
in relazione ain relation toreports, analyses
in ragione dion account of, givenformal explanations of decisions
a seguito difollowing, as a result ofadministrative decisions, news
ai fini difor the purposes ofofficial documents, regulations
al fine diwith the aim of, in order topolicy documents, reports
fatta salvawithout prejudice to, savinglegal provisions
ferme restandothe following conditions remaining unchangedregulatory texts
con decorrenza daeffective from, starting fromcontracts, administrative acts
medianteby means of, throughformal correspondence, contracts
nell'ambito diwithin the framework of, underinstitutional and EU documents

Nominal Style in Authentic Italian Texts

  • JOURNALISM (Corriere della Sera): 'Il rincaro dei carburanti e la contrazione del potere d'acquisto delle famiglie rappresentano le principali preoccupazioni degli italiani.'The rise in fuel prices and the contraction of households' purchasing power represent Italians' main concerns.
  • ACADEMIC: 'La presente ricerca si propone l'analisi dei meccanismi di regolazione delle risposte immunitarie in condizioni di stress ossidativo.'This research proposes an analysis of the mechanisms regulating immune responses under conditions of oxidative stress.
  • LEGAL: 'In caso di inadempimento delle obbligazioni contrattuali, il creditore ha facoltà di richiedere la risoluzione del contratto.'In the event of non-performance of contractual obligations, the creditor has the right to request termination of the contract.
  • BUREAUCRATIC: 'Ai sensi dell'art. 12 del D.Lgs. 50/2016, si procede all'affidamento dell'appalto mediante procedura negoziata senza previa pubblicazione di bando.'Pursuant to Art. 12 of Legislative Decree 50/2016, the contract is awarded through a negotiated procedure without prior publication of a notice.
  • EU DOCUMENTS: 'In ottemperanza alle disposizioni del regolamento, gli Stati membri garantiscono l'attuazione delle misure entro diciotto mesi dalla data di entrata in vigore.'In compliance with the provisions of the regulation, Member States ensure implementation of the measures within eighteen months of the entry into force.

The Nominalisation Chain: How to Build One

Advanced Italian nominal style uses chains of three or more nouns linked by 'di + article'. To build one correctly: 1. Start with the core action noun: 'valutazione' (evaluation) 2. Add the first genitive: 'valutazione dell'efficacia' (evaluation of the effectiveness) 3. Add the second genitive: 'valutazione dell'efficacia degli interventi' (evaluation of the effectiveness of the interventions) 4. Add further qualifiers: 'valutazione dell'efficacia degli interventi di sostegno all'inclusione scolastica' Key rules: - Each genitive link uses 'di + appropriate definite article' (del, della, dell', dei, delle) - Articles are NEVER omitted in these chains (unlike in headlines) - Adjectives appear AFTER the noun they modify - The final noun in the chain may take a preposition other than 'di' (e.g., 'su', 'per', 'in') if it expresses a target or domain Example chain: 'il monitoraggio dell'attuazione delle politiche di tutela ambientale' = monitoring (of the) implementation (of the) environmental protection policies

When Is Nominal Style Appropriate?

USE nominal style in: - Academic papers, theses, and journal abstracts - Legal documents, contracts, notarial deeds - Official government documents, ministerial circulars, administrative acts - Formal business reports, annual accounts - EU regulations, directives, and institutional communications - Quality newspaper editorials and news analysis - Formal letters and official correspondence AVOID nominal style in: - Conversational Italian (it sounds stiff and pretentious) - Creative writing (novels, short stories — unless used for ironic effect) - Personal emails and informal messages - Teaching materials aimed at beginners and intermediates - Direct speech in any context A common error is using nominal style inappropriately in personal communication, which creates an unnatural and cold effect.

Common Errors to Avoid

1. WRONG SUFFIX: 'realizzamento' (does not exist) → correct: 'realizzazione' Rule: check the standard form in a dictionary; not all -are verbs take -mento 2. MISSING ARTICLE IN CHAIN: 'ai fini di realizzazione' → correct: 'ai fini della realizzazione' Rule: after 'di' in a genitive chain, the definite article is always required 3. 'A CAUSA DI CHE + CLAUSE': 'a causa di che non c'erano fondi' → correct: 'a causa della mancanza di fondi' Rule: 'a causa di' must be followed by a noun, never by 'che + clause' 4. 'NONOSTANTE CHE + INDICATIVE': 'nonostante che i costi aumentano' → correct: 'nonostante l'aumento dei costi' Rule: in formal nominal style, 'nonostante' + noun phrase; if using 'nonostante che', it requires the subjunctive 5. REDUNDANT VERBAL SUPPORT: 'procedere all'azione di approvare' → correct: 'procedere all'approvazione' Rule: 'procedere a' + infinitive is sometimes acceptable, but 'procedere alla + nominalisation' is always more formal 6. WRONG PREPOSITION WITH 'AI SENSI': 'in sensi dell'art. 5' → correct: 'ai sensi dell'art. 5' Rule: the phrase is always 'ai sensi di' (plural, with 'ai' not 'in')

Tip: The 'QUANTO' Construction

One of the most elegant features of Italian formal style is the use of 'quanto' as a nominaliser. Instead of 'tutto quello che è stato detto' (all that was said), formal Italian uses 'quanto espresso' or 'quanto riportato'. Instead of 'le cose che seguono', formal Italian uses 'quanto segue'. This construction is especially common in legal and bureaucratic Italian: - 'Con riferimento a quanto precede' (with reference to the foregoing) - 'In conformità a quanto previsto' (in accordance with what is provided) - 'Sulla base di quanto emerso' (on the basis of what emerged) - 'Quanto sopra esposto' (the above-mentioned) Mastering 'quanto + participle' is a hallmark of authentic formal Italian that distinguishes advanced learners from native-level writers.

Practice Exercises

50 exercises · 10 questions each

B2 Topics