Rule reminder

Absolute constructions can typically replace temporal subordinate clauses (dopo che, una volta che, quando + trapassato prossimo), causal clauses (poiché, dato che), and sometimes concessive clauses (sebbene, nonostante). The transformation requires: (1) identifying the subordinate-clause verb and converting it to the past participle; (2) making the participle agree with the subject of the subordinate clause; (3) placing the participle before its nominal subject; (4) removing the conjunction. The reverse operation — expanding an absolute into a full subordinate clause — is a useful comprehension strategy.