Rule reminder
Italian concessive clauses can often be expressed using multiple equivalent structures: a full subordinate clause (sebbene + subjunctive), a gerund phrase (pur + gerundio), a prepositional phrase (nonostante + noun), or a coordinate adversative (tuttavia/però). Transforming between these forms while preserving meaning and grammaticality is an advanced skill requiring control of mood, tense, and sentence structure.
Transform using 'malgrado' as a preposition: 'Sebbene avessero fatto grandi sforzi, non ottennero i risultati sperati.' →