Rule reminder

The gerund (gerundio) can express the manner in which an action is performed, functioning as a modal clause. It always has the same subject as the main verb. Present gerund (-ando/-endo) for simultaneous actions: Parlava gesticolando. Past gerund (avendo/essendo + participle) for a prior action: Avendo studiato, superò l'esame. Unlike 'senza che', modal gerunds cannot have a different subject.