Causal Gerund — Expressing Cause with the Gerund — Advanced Causal Clauses — Proposizioni Causali B2 (B2)

Advanced Causal Clauses — Proposizioni Causali B2·Causal Gerund — Expressing Cause with the Gerund

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Rule reminder

The gerund (gerundio) can express cause implicitly, without a conjunction. It is equivalent to 'perché + indicative' or 'poiché + indicative'. The gerund always refers to the subject of the main clause. Form: present gerund (-ando/-endo) for simultaneous action; past gerund (avendo/essendo + participle) for prior action. Register: formal-to-neutral, common in writing.

Causal Gerund — Expressing Cause with the Gerund1 / 10

_____ il problema in anticipo, abbiamo evitato grossi ritardi.