Rule reminder
Academic Italian (italiano accademico) uses specific conventions for causal clauses: (1) formal conjunctions: 'poiché', 'in quanto', 'giacché' (rare), 'considerato che', 'atteso che' (legal); (2) nominalisation instead of verbal clauses; (3) participial and gerundial implicit constructions; (4) avoidance of 'perché' at the start of a sentence; (5) passive constructions; (6) impersonal constructions with 'si'.
In an academic paper, which of the following causal expressions is most appropriate for introducing a counterargument's causal basis?